Hey! Sunny here. Check out my site and feel free to contact me. You’ll find links to my resumé, research, digital artwork, and much more. If you'd like me to create something for you, such as a website, CG animation, an LED-lit sign, etc. just ask and we can work something out - my rates are very reasonable.
I’m very much a Romantic at heart: “marked by the imaginative or emotional appeal of what is heroic, adventurous, remote, mysterious, or idealized; marked by expressions of love or affection.”
I pretty much wear my heart on my sleeve and I'm up for just about any adventure. Don't be afraid to say hi - I'm definitely not stuck up or anything. I'm usually in the lab or reading or playing Wii or outside, wishing it was warmer so I could be in the ocean - I miss scuba diving in the Summer. Read my blog below for regular updates, usually about stuff I think is cool, like graphic design, science, and pomeranians, lol.
Seashore Design
Saturday, August 28th, 2010
I just launched Seashore Design today! It is my startup business offering web and graphic design, print media, and even LED signs. I will likely be creating iPhone Apps within a couple months as well. You will also see a preview of my upcoming paleogenetics website. I wanted to finish Seashore Design before school starts on Monday.
I'm excited for the semester to start - my new apartment is awesome and I moved most of my stuff today. I'll be getting my BS in Biology this coming Spring, and then it's off to either Florida or California, who knows? I was accepted into Florida Atlantic University and I may pursue my Masters there, but I'm just playing things by ear right now. Anyway, check out my work on seashoredesign.com
International Textbooks
Thursday, August 26th, 2010
I just got my Organic Chemistry textbook (international edition) in the mail today - Essential Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, by Paula Yurkanis Bruice. Anyone taking BMB 221 at UMaine will have to have it. UMaine only has new editions, selling at $160. I paid a total of $44, which includes S&H, and my book is identical to the American edition and brand new. The only difference is the front cover has a different illustration and it's softcover, though I don't think a hardcover is worth paying FOUR TIMES as much for the book. There is a "warning" on the back of the book that I thought was comical:
"This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been wrongfully imported without the approval of the Publisher or the Author."
I had to laugh when I read this disclaimer - nothing but American greed. As far as I'm concerned, international editions are the secret to saving lots of money on textbooks. I have compared the book to the American edition and the content is identical, printed in color on glossy sheets. If you're fed up with high textbook prices, international editions are the way to go! You can many titles on eBay and lots of other sites, and despite several lawsuits from American textbook companies and the scary-looking warnings on these books, the Supreme Court already ruled that it's perfectly legal to buy and sell international editions in the United States. See Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc. (1998).
Make the Yuletide Gay
Monday, August 23rd, 2010
Just watching a movie that came out last year - Make the Yuletide Gay. It's about two college boys, Gunn and Nathan, who are dating and also roommates. The best part is that Nathan is played by hottie Adamo Ruggiero - I don't think there's any cuter boy in the world, hehe - and he's gay in real life! Some of you will remember Adamo from Degrassi: The Next Generation in which he played the gay teen Marco Del Rossi. Yuletide is really cute so far. The character development is really good, especially when Gunn's friend Abby finds out Gunn and Nathan are a couple (Gunn is still in the closet to his parents).
When Nathan makes a surprise visit during the holidays, the expected laughs start coming. Just about every gay "insider" joke pops up when you're least expecting it - Dunn's mom asking if Nathan minds being on bottom...of the bunk bed, that is, LOL. The parents are totally oblivious to the relationship between their son and Nathan. My parents have always been 100% supportive of me, often coming to Pride, though I hope someday I can find someone just like Nathan and have what he and Dunn have. My love life has been more like Lost & Delirious, or maybe Loving Annabelle. Dont get me started, hehe.
I'm not even half-way through and there's already been some pretty hot scenes between Adamo and Keith Jordan (Gunn). OMG, Adamo is sooo cute. But anyway, definitely a cute movie so far, and it presents an important message about true love as well, whether between family members or lovers. I stopped to pause the movie 'cause I needed to make sure kitty was inside the house - it's late and a pack of coyotes just went by our house, howling and whistling like they do. I grabbed the kitty and went out on the porch to listen to them. Sometimes I howl back ^-^
Think the coyotes would let me into their pack if I donned my Max outfit? Speaking of which, it's nearly time for Halloween again! Ash wants to be Princess Yue from The Last Airbender. I haven't decided yet - last year I spent a month, in my apartment, sewing together my Max outfit. Then I went to Styxx in Portland with some friends and there was a girl there that was Max, too! Her girlfriend was Carol. They were cute together. I will have to come up with something even more creative this year…
"Ground Zero Mosque"
Wednesday, August 18th, 2010
Come this November, let us not forget the words of those who would lead us into the next Holocaust, and the political party that supports them:
"Building a mosque so close to where terrorists killed thousands of Americans would be like putting a Nazi sign next to the Holocaust Memorial Museum." ~Sarah Palin
"This is an insensitive move on the part of those Muslims who want to build that mosque in this location. It feels like a stab in the heart to, collectively, Americans who still have that lingering pain from 9/11." ~Newt Gingrich
"THEY CAME FIRST for the Communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.
THEN THEY CAME for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.
THEN THEY CAME for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.
THEN THEY CAME for me
and by that time no one was left to speak up."...
On Freedom
Tuesday, August 17th, 2010
I can't believe we're still living in such an ignorant culture. If you have paid any attention to the news, you will know the hot topic right now, even bigger than gay marriage, is the issue of the building of a mosque in NYC. Too many of us are willing to defend the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, or countless other Constitutional rights, until someone comes along we strongly disagree with. I have personally been the victim of extensive homophobia almost exclusively by those claiming to be Christian, yet I can easily draw the distinction between a bigoted fundie and a good Christian. Even further, I believe in the rights of religious individuals to believe and speak their beliefs, even if those statements include the belief that homosexuality is sin and that I'm going to burn in Hell for being gay.
Muslims creating a place of worship, even if it is at ground zero, is within their rights, and if we deny their rights, you'd better not complain if we start denying the rights of Christians or anyone else to practice their religion. The 9/11 attacks represent Muslims just as much as Fred Phelps represents Christians. Or to be more precise, neither one represents the larger community, and I would argue that Al Qaeda isn't even truly Muslim anymore than Phelps is a good Christian, what with his constant "God Hates Fags" protests. That is me expressing my freedom to believe what I wish, and to speak my beliefs.
There are extremes that pop up among any group, even liberal ones. Us gays have the "Bash Back" organization that actively promotes violence against homophobic individuals and groups. PETA members have been known to bomb scientific labs, resulting in the deaths of people working toward medicine. And how many self-proclaimed Christians have killed abortion doctors in the name of their Lord? No community is immune - every one has its fringe extremists, and it's extremely unfair to judge an entire community and deny that community's rights based on the actions of its fringe "members." It's not just unfair, it's unconstitutional.
If you value your own rights and freedoms, protect those of others, even if you don't agree with them. At the very least, don't actively project discrimination and interfere with the rights of others! And please get educated about these issues - stop following the crowd and show you actually have critical thinking skills! Maybe consider reading some of the Qur'an and see that it's just as peaceful and just as violent as the Bible. Or take the opportunity to speak to someone who is Muslim to gain insight about their beliefs. I think it's absolutely preposterous to believe that the Muslims constructing the mosque in NYC have anything to do with terrorism or the 9/11 attacks. I have educated myself about Christianity, I know the Bible well, and many of my friends are Christians - to some degree I even consider myself Christian. Despite the homophobia I've faced, I don't look at every Christian and assume they're homophobic. And even if they are, they have a right to be homophobic and speak their beliefs as long as it doesn't turn into active harassment, which is not protected speech (i.e.; stalking, attacking an individual, etc.).
If we take away another person's rights, we will all lose them. Even more profound, we each become less free. I know if I lived in NYC, I'd love to visit the mosque - it sounds like it's going to turn out to be a really beautiful community center that will benefit everyone. We should be grateful for the opportunity to support the foundation of our country, and more than anyone else, New Yorkers should understand the value of liberty - after all, they've got a giant statue in their backyard, reminding them of it every day, though I bet few Americans have taken the time to understand her deep symbolism - the 7 spires on her crown, the book in her hand, and the burning torch. We will never forget September 11th, but I fear we have already forgotten September 17th. If this mosque has no right to stand in New York, then neither does Lady Liberty.
Perseid Meteor Shower
Friday, August 13th, 2010
Tonight was the second night of the Perseid Meteor Shower, AKA Mother Nature's PMS, lol. Yep, made that one up myself, hehe. Anyway, my best friend June and I grabbed some towels and my camera and went out into the woods/field behind my house to watch the show. It was really quite spectacular - we saw at least 30-50 meteors and one of them was super bright and looked like a firework! Reminded me of why I love the night sky. I brought my camera and tripod and made a time-lapse video. You really can't see any meteors in the video, but the rotation of the Earth beneath the stars is nonetheless impressive. If you check my Flickr account, you can see the one image that captured an actual meteor. Not the best images in the world, but hey, it's my first time photographing the night sky. Below is the time-lapse, which is about 2 hours compressed into 9 seconds.
Walker Lifts Stay!
Thursday, August 12th, 2010
Judge Walker denied the stay and now gay marriage will continue in California! Hooray! A victory for us. I'm sure it won't be long before this federal decision reaches Maine! You can read the story here. I'm ecstatic!
This just came in - the stay will be lifted on August 18th at 5pm. That's when marriages can officially resume.
8, 9, 10
Monday, August 9th, 2010
I thought the date was cute today - 8, 9, 10 ^-^
I finished my Summer courses tonight - I'm pretty sure I aced them both! Now I've got the rest of the Summer off. Definitely looking for friends to go camping with and playing tennis, rollerblading, etc. before I move back into my apt in Orono. Hit me up if you wanna do something!
I went scuba diving today at Sandy Cove in Christmas Cove, Bristol, Maine. There were lots of lobsters wandering around the ocean floor - we went down to about 30 ft. I caught a baby lobster, as you'll see in my Flickr photos. No worries, I let him go - I don't want a fine! There were also lots of huge crabs. I didn't see any fish or sharks. A juvenile (7-foot) great white was caught in Maine a couple weeks ago. I'd rather not run into a great white, but it would be cool to see a catshark or dogfish. Both are really cute and catsharks often have really beautiful skin patterns, though they might give you a little bite if you get too close, lol.
On Sunday my little sister Ashley and my uncle and I went to Mt. Apatite in Auburn, Maine to mine for rocks and minerals. We found lots of mica, black tourmaline, a little garnet, and I chiseled off some huge chunks of quartz, clear as glass. They look like pieces of ice. In my Flickr account, you can see pictures of the rocks and a pic of me and Ash in mining gear, hehe.
Anyway, still a few weeks left in the Summer. I've got a giant tent, tennis racket and balls, rollerblades, and lots more if anyone wants to hang out!
Prop 8 Follow-Up
Thursday, August 5th, 2010
Well I celebrated all of last night into this morning and there have been celebrations across the US. Yesterday was a landmark ruling that I am confident will lead to nationwide marriage equality within a couple years. My full confidence has always been with the courts and they did came through once again for equality and justice for all.
Below is Rachel Maddow's interview with the plaintiff attorneys, Olson and Boies. They discuss Walker's decision and how his meticulous, 136-page ruling will make it virtually impossible to overturn on appeal (that is, the 9th Circuit and SCOTUS will rule in favor of equal rights as well). They also discuss the other Federal decision coming out of Boston in which a Federal judge recently ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is unconstitutional. This case is also expected to go to the SCOTUS and result in another ruling in our favor, for nationwide marriage equality.
I have to say that during our little Question 1 campaign here in Maine, it was awful to see my civil rights being voted on by the public. The commercials were so hurtful, the Catholic Diocese giving millions to TV ads telling Mainers that gay sex would be forced upon elementary school children if marriage equality was legalized. The rights of the minority should never be voted on by the majority. Even FDR said,
"The moment a mere numerical superiority by either states or voters in this country proceeds to ignore the needs and desires of the minority, and for their own selfish purpose or advancement, hamper or oppress that minority, or debar them in any way from equal privileges and equal rights -- that moment will mark the failure of our constitutional system."
Right now I'm fighting my own battle concerning the State of Maine and my Constitutional rights, among others, but I'm not at liberty to discuss it at this time. Some of you are familiar with it. It's gone on for far too long now, but time has been my friend, and there is a light at the end of the tunnel and I strongly believe the truth is coming, and with it, justice - for me and many Mainers in the Mid-Coast region. I wish I could talk more about it, but it will have to wait for now, hopefully not much longer. I've had to be extremely patient in the past few years, often spending more time on legal research, court hearings, and attorney meetings than I could devote even to my own schoolwork. The wheels of justice move ever so slowly, but I am on the winning side, the side of truth - and it will be worth it, it is already worth it. Yesterday's ruling has further inspired my confidence in our justice system, our ability to appeal wrongs and redress grievances, particularly those that involve egregious misconduct and dire acts of discrimination and prejudice in direct violation of our Constitutional rights, including Equal Protection and Due Process.
I am at an incredible point in my own case, the most critical point in my own personal history. It is almost uncanny that the tremendous Federal cases concerning marriage equality would come at about the same time. I feel both sad and humbled, perhaps even grateful, to be alive to see this day, to be a proud gay man in America at a time when my full equality is finally being realized. I wish more individuals in my generation took more time to be well-informed and realize we are a part of history in the making. My heart goes out to individuals like Phyllis Lyon and her departed wife, Del Martin, founders of the Daughters of Bilitis, arguably the beginning of our movement for equal rights in America. I cried when I watched these ancient warriors say their "I do's" before the State of California. Imagine that - an entire life, witness to an era when you could be arrested and beaten by police just for being gay, to seeing the manifestation of full marriage equality! The first same-sex couple to be wed in the Golden State, in fact. And rightly so - were it not for them, I could be jailed for being gay. Well, arguably, that has already happened to some degree...but I have said too much ;)
I encourage all of you to celebrate yesterday's victory for equality and for the value of the US Constitution. Be informed citizens and be grateful for your civil rights - they are not always guaranteed, but it's up to each of us to ensure our rights are respected by others and the State. We haven't much longer to wait, in any case. As one of my attorneys frequently tells me, Keep the faith!
Prop 8 VICTORY!!!
Wednesday, August 4th, 2010
I have always said the courts are the means of realizing nationwide marriage equality. Prop 8 is unconstitutional and has been overturned!!! The ruling today should stand in the 9th Circuit and Supreme Court because no new arguments can be presented on appeal, and it's well-known that Prop 8 supporters never had any legitimate arguments to begin with.
Today we got some dry ice and brought it in the pool with us. It was pretty cool - I've played with dry ice before, but never in the pool. It bubbled a lot and I was able to hold it underwater. The bubbles tasted sour. The video is below and I posted some pics in my Flickr account. We also made poor man's liquid nitrogen (dry ice and rubbing alcohol) and froze and shattered some plant leaves, crab apples, and grapes. Then we made a dry ice bomb with a soda bottle and it exploded everywhere - the shock was so strong we all had ringing in our ears afterward. Probably will save that video for Facebook!
Selling MacBook/iPod Touch
Tuesday, July 27th, 2010
Yesterday I went to the AppleStore and bought a new MacBook. Because I am a student at UMaine, I got a free iPod Touch (3G) and free wireless printer! Therefore I have decided to sell my previous MacBook and iPod Touch (1G). They are both in excellent working condition and I had the MacBook refurbished by Apple so it's almost like new! The MacBook includes several accessories, such as the remote, audio/video output cables, and Snow Leopard. You can view and bid on the eBay listings below. Free shipping!
I think my Facebook account had been hacked because my profile was sending spam messages. I spoke with Facebook staff about it and changing my password didn't help, so I decided to delete my old profile and create a new one. Just wanted those of you who were on my friends list to know, so you don't think I deleted you! Any emails sent/received are still logged in my actual email account, and I always backup everything, so nothing was lost! No worries. It has actually allowed me the opportunity to clean up a lot of clutter.
In other news, I've been working on my design website, Seashore Design. I do a lot of commercial web and graphic design for pay and this will provide a way for me to advertise and have my own startup business! I'm excited about it. And I haven't forgotten about paleogenetics.com, either - it's just a lot of information and I really want it to be perfect before I publish.
My Summer is going well - mostly just been swimming with friends, boating, scuba diving, modeling, gardening, designing websites, working at the lab, etc. I'm about half-way through a couple Summer courses I'm really enjoying. The extra credits will ensure that I'll graduate with my biology degree in the Spring. I haven't decided whether I'm moving to Florida or California, or even someplace outside the US, but I'm sure I won't be sticking around here, lol. I've got plenty of time to make up my mind!
Justice for Constance!
Wednesday, July 21st, 2010
Constance McMillen, the girl whose school tricked her out of coming to prom and banned her from bringing her girlfriend to prom, just won her lawsuit against the school. She was awarded $35,000 in personal injuries and the school has implemented anti-discrimination policies. You can read the story here on Pam's House Blend. I'm really happy she's been able to get justice for the wrongs her school committed against her.
Years ago Natalie Young of Queens, NY sued her school after they suspended her for wearing a t-shirt that said, "Barbie is a Lesbian." She later sued and won $50,000. Some of you are familiar with my situation at Belfast Area High School in which both students and teachers harassed me for being gay, and I was suspended for a week for wearing the same gay pride t-shirt as Natalie. You can read about it in my Activism section. Because I was a minor at the time, I have until I'm 28 to sue RSU #20 and Belfast Area High School, and I have no reason not to; I have just been preoccupied with other things in my life, some of them directly related to this high school situation.
Congratulations Constance! You've not only found justice for yourself, but for millions of gay and lesbian high school students across the country as well! You should be incredibly proud and I know you've inspired many other youth to take a stand against discrimination and prejudice.
Fundie Improves Grammar
Wednesday, July 14th, 2010
Today was an historical day in Maine - a fundie properly spelled "marriage." As you can see in the picture below, she didn't get it right the first time, but this fundie, by what some have said is a true miracle of Jesus himself, corrected the spelling. All it took was a little super glue and a new tab of paper in the top right corner and this fundie became a wizard...of spelling, that is. We'll let her get away with splitting up lifestyle (was that life..."sin" under that pasted on sheet?).
I think the message of the campaign is clear, in any case. Even if you're an illiterate fundie, marriage is between a man and a womEn - because the National Organization for Polygamy Marraige Marriage (phew)...wait, what does it represent again? Ah, nevermind, let's just focus on the Federal cases that are one stop away from granting nationwide Marriage Equality! Then what will NOM call itself? Perhaps something that is more all-encompassing of their overall goal - NOB (National Organization for Bigotry).
There are already more than enough rules and laws to regulate the behavior of gay and lesbian soldiers, rules and laws that apply to everyone equally. I think it's funny that the primary sponsors of these concerns (such as the shower issue) are in fact asking for "special laws" for gays and lesbians, yet they are also the first to scream "special rights" at the moment we gays ask for equality. Same old hypocrisy.
But even a top officer acknowledges some unease. "We've never done this," Admiral Gary Roughead, the chief of naval operations, said in February after Pentagon leaders endorsed ending "Don't ask, don't tell" and said they would survey the troops about it. "We've never assessed the force because it is not our practice to go within our military and poll our force to determine if they like the laws of the land or not," he told an activist from the University of California's Palm Center, which monitors the issue. "I mean, that gets you into [a] very difficult regime."
The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, perhaps the leading gay-rights group dealing with "Don't ask, don't tell," took a tough line against the survey. "No survey of the troops should be done," director Aubrey Sarvis said Friday. "Surveying the troops is unprecedented — it did not happen in 1948 when President Truman ended segregation and it did not happen in 1976 when the service academies opened to women. Even when the military placed women on ships at sea, the Pentagon did not turn to a survey on how to bring about that cultural change."
I'm not sure if the survey links will become broken, so I am offering the entire poll directly on my server just in case. You can view the DADT Poll Here. In any case, I think we can expect an overwhelmingly positive response from soldiers, and overall this survey will benefit the gay rights movement in the USA.
Not-so-Loving DOMA
Friday, July 9th, 2010
I posted about the recent federal ruling (July 8th blog post below) concerning the unconstitutional standing of DOMA (The Defense of Marriage Act), and an individual on the UMaine Forum responded, questioning my judgment that this decision could result in nationwide marriage equality. He wrote,
Sunny, I'm happy about this ruling because not only does it grant benefits to legally married gay couples, but it also reasserts certain states rights to govern. Unfortunately, I don't see anything in this ruling to lead me to think national policy will be to allow gay marriage.. If anything, it would seem to strengthen each state's right to decide and keep the feds out of it. Keep working on it though, it will eventually happen here.
While his comment was friendly, it occurred to me that many people are not familiar with civil rights in American history, especially as they apply to marriage. This is perhaps only to the fault of our public education system, but civil rights is a complex issue to begin with. To know why overturning DOMA is so important to nationwide marriage equality, you have to know a little history and exactly what DOMA is and how it affects our laws. The best place to start is with the 1967 Loving case, which essentially "legalized" interracial marriage nationwide. It is important to understand why DOMA has prevented a "gay version" of the Loving case and therefore why yesterday's federal ruling is so important to nationwide marriage equality. I made the following response on the UMaine forum:
No, I think it's going to be more significant than that. That is only one element of it. The other point of the federal judge is that same-sex couples should not be denied the same Federal benefits. And finally, and most significantly, the removal of DOMA is an immediate shortcut to nationwide marriage equality because the DOMA is the ONLY thing preventing interstate lawsuits. This is how interracial marriage was essentially "legalized" nationwide with the Loving decision in 1967. Long story short, the Loving couple was married in DC, which recognized interracial marriage, but then Virginia didn't recognize their marriage when they moved (Virginia didn't recognize interracial marriage, and interracial sexual relations were also criminal acts in Virginia), and they sued Virginia and it went to the Supreme Court.
Some people, myself included, believe that the fundamentalists used DOMA as a preemptive move because they knew same-sex marriage would follow the same pattern as interracial marriage if they didn't do anything to stop it. DOMA was passed in 1996, 7 years before the first state (MA) began recognizing same-sex marriage in late 2003. DOMA does little more than prevent a same-sex couple in a state such as Mass. from suing a state like Maine that doesn't recognize same-sex marriage. As soon as DOMA is removed, the lawsuits can begin and now that the Supreme Court has recognized sexual orientation as an "identifiable class" (equal to race, ethnicity, gender, etc.) there is no reason to believe it would rule differently than it did in the Loving case. However, I think the Prop.8 lawsuit might reach the Supreme Court and the same ultimate decision first, but this Boston lawsuit is moving at lightspeed compared to most federal court cases, so who knows?
As the article pointed out, "The rulings apply to Massachusetts but could have broader implications if they're upheld on appeal."
Unconstitutional
Thursday, July 8th, 2010
The AP has just published a story that I could not be more excited and happy about. It has made my day and reaffirmed my belief that marriage equality, like all other civil rights, should be subject to the courts and not popular vote. My prediction for this year: nationwide marriage equality...
A U.S. judge in Boston has ruled that a federal gay marriage ban is unconstitutional because it interferes with the right of a state to define marriage.
U.S. District Judge Joseph Tauro on Thursday ruled in favor of gay couples' rights in two separate challenges to the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, known as DOMA.
The state had argued the law denied benefits such as Medicaid to gay married couples in Massachusetts, where same-sex unions have been legal since 2004.
Tauro agreed, and said the act forces Massachusetts to discriminate against its own citizens.
"The federal government, by enacting and enforcing DOMA, plainly encroaches upon the firmly entrenched province of the state, and in doing so, offends the Tenth Amendment. For that reason, the statute is invalid," Tauro wrote in a ruling in a lawsuit filed by Attorney General Martha Coakley.
Ruling in a separate case filed by Gays & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, Tauro found that DOMA violates the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution.
"We've maintained from the very beginning that there was absolutely no basis for this law treating one class of married Massachusetts couples different from everybody else and the court has recognized that," said Gary Buseck, GLAD's legal director.
The Justice Department argued the federal government has the right to set eligibility requirements for federal benefits — including requiring that those benefits only go to couples in marriages between a man and a woman.
The law was enacted by Congress in 1996 when it appeared Hawaii would soon legalize same-sex marriage and opponents worried that other states would be forced to recognize such marriages. The lawsuit challenges only the portion of the law that prevents the federal government from affording pension and other benefits to same-sex couples.
Since then, five states and the District of Columbia have legalized gay marriage.